The Gita Vision

By

SRI SWAMI CHIDANANDA

A DIVINE LIFE SOCIETY PUBLICATION

Fifth Reprint: 1992
(3,000 copies)
World Wide Web (WWW) Edition : 1998

WWW site: https://www.dlshq.org/

 

This WWW reprint is for free distribution

(c) The Divine Life Trust Society

 

Published By
THE DIVINE LIFE SOCIETY
P.O. Shivanandanagar–249 192
Distt. Tehri-Garhwal, Uttar Pradesh,
Himalayas, India.

CONTENTS

PUBLISHERS’ NOTE

During the Sivananda Ashram Sadhana Week, which was held in September 1991 prior to his75th birth anniversary, H.H. Sri Swami Chidanandaji Maharaj was asked to give a series oflectures on the philosophy and practice of the Bhagavad Gita. In this series, Swamijiconcentrated on the first three chapters and this core portion of the lectures is nowbeing offered to the reading public under the title “The Gita Vision.”

Over the years, in his talks given throughout India and the world, revered Swamiji hasconstantly quoted from the Gita. Years of reflecting over its message, and, still moreimportant, putting its precepts into practice in his own life, has made this scriptureinto a living reality for him. As a result, the message and vision of the first threechapters of the Gita, delivered in Swamiji’s unique style, had a profound impact upon theattentive audience.

We believe that this inspiring message and vision will be of equal benefit to alldevotees of the Gita, who, after reading this booklet, will return to the Gita with afresh appreciation of its timely and life-giving message.

THE DIVINE LIFESOCIETY

Sivananda Ashram
Sri Krishna Jayanti
August 21, 1992

PREFACE

The Srimad Bhagavad Gita contains the quintessence of the wisdom of the Vedas.Therefore, one who has understood the Gita has understood the essence of the Vedas.Gurudev, Sri Swami Sivanandaji Maharaj, insisted that you should get a knowledge of theBhagavad Gita. For then you will get a knowledge of yourself, and of how to overcomedejection, despair, hopelessness and a total breakdown of self-confidence by determiningto follow the instructions of the Divine, by fulfilling God’s Will in your life. You willknow how to overcome attachment, delusion and faint-heartedness, to cast them aside and tostand up and engage in self-culture and self-mastery.

The Gita starts in defeatism but ends in victory. The final verse firmly affirmsvictory and fulfilment. The Gita begins with Arjuna’s unwillingness to face the call oflife, the call of duty. He says: “I would much rather take a beggar’s bowl and wanderover the earth than engage in battle.” And when Krishna starts to correct him, hetries to argue with Krishna and prove Him wrong. Arjuna tells Krishna that He is askinghim to do something very seriously wrong and sinful that will have dire consequences. ButKrishna makes him realise that what he thinks to be a wise understanding about life has atits bottom deluded attachment, moha. And once Arjuna says, “I now realise thatI have been thinking in a wrong manner, I shall follow Your teaching, please teachme,” then everything proceeds well. Even in the midst of the battle, when Arjuna isunable to withstand the onslaught of Bhishma, Krishna Himself takes up a wheel of thechariot, rathanga, as His chakra.

So, once you pledge obedience to the Divine Will, the Divine never lets you down. Ithelps you even in the direst of circumstances. Even when defeat seems to be one hundredpercent sure, the Divine will not allow you to be defeated. It fights on your behalf,takes up arms, because your pledge for obedience is complete. And to one who has thuspledged total obedience to the Lord’s Will, there is no defeat. It is all victory.

The very incident of the Srimad Bhagavad Gita is an indication of what life should be,in what manner it should be lived. That is, we should allow the Divine to guide thechariot of our life. Throughout the Gita, the position of Lord Krishna is of one whoguides Arjuna’s chariot. The chariot of life, throughout this great battle, is guided byLord Krishna. Arjuna only goes on doing his duty, fulfilling his kartavya karma. Itis Krishna Who takes the chariot wherever it is right for Him to take it.

This is the very clear indication of the Srimad Bhagavad Gita incident, the episode andthe outcome. It is a clear indication to the seeker who is sincerely dedicated to thedivine ideal to allow the Divine Will to guide him throughout, until victory is attainedand victory is proclaimed.

If you look at the Gita in this way, then you will understand it in a totally differentway. You will know what its teachings mean to you personally as seekers engaged in thebattle of life and as seekers who have to somehow overcome and attain the supreme Goal.You will understand its relevance to yourself. And thus understanding, the benefit youderive from the Gita will be totally different. It will be of practical spiritual benefit.

May Lord Krishna’s grace enable you to understand the Gita in this intimate, personalway and be benefited by it, so that you attain the Goal Supreme!

Swami Chidananda
Om

Sivananda Ashram
Sri Bhagavadgita Jayanti
December 17, 1991

INTRODUCTION

The philosophy of the Srimad Bhagavad Gita is the philosophy of the Upanishads put intopractice. It is also an Upanishad in the form of a prescription for tapatraya and bhavaroga(the threefold afflictions of man and the disease of transmigration). The philosophyof the Gita is a philosophy of shaking away weakness and bondage to darkness andignorance, a philosophy of liberating yourself from “I and mine” andattachments, of being bold and brave enough to see the truth as it is, and then commencingonce again the journey towards the ultimate state of a liberated consciousness.

It is the practice of the Gita that gradually removes from one’s interior the ignoranceof the reality of our situation. The sadhana of the Gita is the time-honouredmethods evolved, formulated, perfected and handed down to us as the great science of Yoga.But it goes a step further. The sadhana of the Gita is also a prescription suitedto each and every individual. It is an integrated sadhana of karma, bhakti,dhyana and jnana. Overemphasis is not laid upon any one. All are important. Allhave to be synthesised. But, most important, they all have to be put into practice indaily life.

The practice of the Bhagavad Gita is not in a hermitage nor in a secluded place alooffrom mankind; it is not in a forest where the Upanishads were realised and put down forour benefit. The sadhana of the Gita is commensurate with your life itself. The Gita-sadhanais not something to be separated from life; it is something which has to be made partand parcel of life. Gita-sadhana and right living are synonymous. Right living is Gita-sadhana.Gita-sadhana is right living. Gita-sadhana and life are to go together hand inhand and become one. They have to merge into one.

That is the type of life that will ultimately raise you from the delusion ofunrealities to the clear perception of the Reality. It is a Gita-pattern of life that willtake you from the darkness of ignorance into the light of supreme divine wisdom. It isGita integrated into your practical day-to-day life that will ultimately take you fromdeath, mortality and bondage to this wheel of rebirth to a supreme realm of immortalityand everlasting eternal life.

The Gita Vision

The Philosophy Of The Bhagavad Gita

The philosophy of the Bhagavad Gita is no other than the philosophy of the Upanishads.But in one respect it has gone a step further, in that the philosophy of the Bhagavad Gitahas brought the philosophy of the Upanishads from the forest dwellings of the rishis andthe munis, from the hermitages of tapasvis and sannyasis and hasgiven it a central place in the home of the grihastha in samsara, in themarket place of vyavahara, worldly life, so that the Gita is upanishad-darsan inpractice. In the Gita we have the Upanishadic wisdom applied. In the Gita we have thetranslation of the adesa (command) and sandesa (instruction) of the
Upanishads into daily life. To teach how the Upanishads can actually be practised, how theUpanishads can be made the basis of our daily life, is the purpose of the Bhagavad Gita.

The philosophy of the Srimad Bhagavad Gita deals with the situation of the individualpilgrim soul upon this earth plane, in the midst of the very vexing problems thatconstitute an inevitable part of the individual’s life. It takes the life of the jivatmain this prapancha, beset by the dvandvas, love and hate, like anddislike, attachment and repulsion. It takes the life of the jivatma faced with thesituation of an inner, essential conflict between what one would like to do and what oneis required to do, between one’s sentiments, emotions and attachments and one’s duty inone’s station in life. It takes the life of an individual trying to grapple with thisinner conflict of bhavana (feeling) and kartavya (duty), this inner conflictof the sreya (good) and the preya (pleasant), this inner conflict of dharma,which is very difficult, and the easier way.

It provides the necessary strength to the individual by enlightening him with thehidden reality of the situation. Because of his insufficient understanding, his lack ofproper perspective, the individual takes the situation to be what it appears to be anddoes not try to analyse it beyond and behind the surface appearance, nor try to understandit as it is in essence. He thus takes to a certain course of action which is contrary tohis own highest welfare and supreme good and which is also contrary to the good of theworld in which he lives.

The Gita, by bringing into our antahkarana, into our minds and hearts andintellects, the light of proper reasoning, correct perception and right understanding,liberates us from the delusion that brings about such conflicts, such inner two-wayspulls. When one understands a situation properly and one sees things clearly, one is thenable to understand, to know, what the essence of the situation is in fact, not what itappears to be. How does the Gita do this?

The philosophy of the Gita is not just a declaration of experienced truth. It is notmerely an expounding of a certain revelation. But, from start to finish, it is dialecticin its method of approaching this question of the individual in this universe, of hissituation in life and the various problems and conflicts that surround him as he tries toexecute this journey of life. It takes on an approach that is dialectic, in that everyChapter constitutes the imparting of certain teachings. It is a teacher teaching astudent. It is like a class lesson and the teacher takes great pains to clarify intricatepoints and to answer all the questions of the student, to remove all doubts as the studentgoes on asking questions and placing doubts before him.

Therefore, the philosophy of the Gita is an educative process of bringing theindividual soul from a state of wrong understanding, a state of a mixed-up interior, astate of confusion, into a higher state of right understanding, a clarity of perceptionand vision and a very clear interior. The episode of the Gita sets the stage for thiseducative process of a teacher teaching one with lesser knowledge. In this process, theteacher attempts to lift the student up into the state of a fullness of knowledge thatcharacterises the teacher himself. The teacher makes the student see through the teacher’seyes; whereas, before, the student was trying to look at things only through his own eyes.

The Stage Is Set

The stage is set in such a way that Arjuna, the leader of the army of the Pandavas inthe immanent Mahabharata war (the purpose of which was to decide conclusively whether adharmawould go on prevailing absolutely unchecked or whether ultimately it was to beuprooted and dharma established) became the occasion for the Gita teachings. For,at this juncture, this chief, the prince and warrior Arjuna, the principal personalitythere, falls into a state of terrible inner conflict. He is overcome by numerous emotionsand comes to a state bordering on a total collapse of his entire being_physically,physiologically and psychologically.

Physically, Arjuna becomes incapable of even standing. He is overcome by great fear andconfusion. And the symptoms of this acute inner state, this psychological state of stress,of tension and terrible conflict, manifests as palpitation of his heart, profuseperspiration, trembling in all his limbs, drying up of his tongue, parching of his throat,tears welling up from his eyes and dizziness. The world is spinning round. He is not ableto stand and his bow slips from his hand and falls to the ground. He himself also falls tothe ground, because in this state of physical collapse brought about by a nervousbreakdown, by an acute intensity of emotional conflict that has gone beyond a certainstage of toleration, his legs are not able to carry him anymore. There is a totalbreakdown, psychological, physiological and physical.

Man’s Extremity Is God’s Opportunity

It is only when a person is in greatest danger that he begins to shout and call forhelp: “Help! Help! Help! Save me! Save me! If you do not save me, I am lost!” Inthat state of dire extremity, he looks for someone to come and rescue him. He calls aloudand is prepared to do anything, because he wants to save himself_”Whatever you say, Iwill do.” When one’s resources are completely at an end and one realises one’sabsolutely helpless state, then, like a man drowning, knowing he can no longer rely uponhimself or save himself, one reaches up and calls out for help from the outside.

In this way, perhaps certain heavy sorrows, extremely dire situations, catastrophes orcalamities become the turning point of one’s life. From a feeling of self-sufficiency,from a basic egoistical arrogance of feeling that one is capable of doing everything inthis world, one comes into a sudden realisation that here is something which one cannotface.

As long as the jivatma is in a state of, as they say “hypervitaminosisI,” an oversupply of the vitamin “I”, ahamkara (egoism), the jivatmais lost, because ahamkara is the first product of avidya or ajnana. Itcontains the essence of individuality. And this individuality is a state of alienationfrom one’s eternal oneness, one’s unity with the Divine Reality. And this state ofalienation from our divine Source, our divine cosmic Origin, which deprives us completelyof the awareness of our essential svarupa as amsas (parts) of the supreme paramatman,is the root cause of all the tapatrayas (sufferings or afflictions) of samsaraand prapancha (worldly life).

If you wish to commence your liberation from total bondage in this net of ahamkara andmamakara (I-ness and mine-ness), attachment, selfishness and an identification withthese inner principles of a separate, finite, little ego-personality, then the first thingneedful is to realise and recognise the insufficiency of this little ego-principle, whichup till that moment was to you the centre of your universe, the most important andprecious thing in the world, the dearest thing, for which, to protect its interest, youhave been prepared to fight with anyone.

When this ego-principle is recognised in its true colours, that it, as a matter offact, constitutes your real problem, that it is the factor that holds you in thraldom, inbondage, then you realise that if you rely upon it, you will ultimately be left in thelurch. When that realisation begins to dawn and you start looking up for a higher Being, ahigher Power to take you out of this predicament which has been brought about by givingover-importance to the ego, then commences your liberation.

Thus the all-knowing Lord-of all existence, anantakoti brahmanda nayaka prabhubhagavan (God, the Lord and the Ruler of millions and billions of universes), Who isthe inner prompter, sarvantaryami, in order to give the highest wisdom teachingsfor all mankind, brings about this conflict situation and puts Arjuna into a fix, likeHamlet, not knowing what to do.

Arjuna actually does know what he has to do; he has come fully prepared for it. Butsuddenly, when the attachments of the sentimental and emotional aspect of his personalitybegin to invade his consciousness and begin to overcome him, overwhelm him, then he findshimself in a terrible fix. Suddenly there is this clash between the clear thinkingintelligence, the rational aspect of Arjuna, and the overwhelming and very powerfulemotional and sentimental aspect of Arjuna. And the sentimental aspect of Arjuna is nowtrying to undo everything. And in this state of fix, not able to decide what to do, thisnormally clear thinking young prince, who had come with no doubts about what he had to dothat day, cries aloud for help. They say: “Man’s extremity is God’sopportunity.”

The Lord Rebukes Arjuna

And so, the Gita jnana-upadesa starts from this human situation: the ultimateextremity of a helpless individual calling for intervention from the Divine. And theDivine speaks and says: “What is this that has happened to you? This is the time for vivekaand vichara, not sentiment, bhavana. There is a maryada (socialnorm) of every given situation, a time and a place. And at this time, the maryada requiresthat you must exercise your discrimination, your right thought, your viveka and vichara.This is not a time for indulging in sentiment. Your heart has given way to acompletely wrong factor in your personality make-up. That factor has no business here.Intruding at a time and place which is not its territory, it is working havoc with you; ithas taken away your strength. Vichara, viveka, determination and will-powerconstitute the strength of an individual. Silly sentiment, uncontrollable emotion,constitute a weakness of an individual.” Therefore the Lord uses the word hridayadaurbalya (weakness of heart). “This is not the right thing. Stop it! Give upthis inner weakness. Stand up and fight! Be strong!”

That too is the call of the Upanishads: na-ayam atma balahinena labhyah (ThisAtman cannot be attained by one who is destitute of strength). And this morningMahamandalesvar Sri Swami Vidyanandaji Maharaj spoke about the necessity of strength,heroism, if you are going to confront the undesirable aspects of your own nature andrefuse to yield to their pull. Because Lord Brahma put an extra portion of rajo guna intothe antahkarana of the jivatman, man’s mind and senses are all outgoing, andto go against this very elemental aspect of one’s nature requires some special strength.Only such special strength can enable you to dive inward where you can see the Self, theimmortal, eternal, imperishable Self, and attain supreme bliss and immortality.

And so we see that Arjuna’s deep grief and anxiety, his nervous breakdown and physicalcollapse, put Lord Krishna into a temporary dilemma, so to speak. Arjuna, the redoubtable,renowned warrior prince, having requested Krishna to assist him in the war by being hischarioteer, is now behaving in this most unwarrior-like way. To make matters still moreembarrassing, the prince had come with a great determination to join battle with theopposing forces of the Kauravas and just a few minutes before, with this intention anddetermination, he had asked Krishna to take the chariot right to the middle of thebattlefield in between the two opposing forces. Thus whatever is now taking place betweenHimself and Arjuna is being witnessed by everyone on both sides. And they must bewondering what the matter is! Arjuna is no longer in the chariot. He is there on theground and he seems to be in some peculiar state of agitation. He is making gestures andlooking up to Krishna and then bowing his head.

Krishna must be feeling: “What is this? If this had happened when we were stillbehind the battle lines, or at least in the midst of the Pandavas, it would have beensomewhat better. At least they would have somehow or other looked upon this with sympathyand understanding, not with scorn. But now, here we are in front of the enemy forces, andthis has happened. Very embarrassing! I have promised to take him into the battlefield forbattle and here he is saying, ‘I won’t fight.'”

For the moment, as it were, humanly speaking, Krishna was taken aback, nonplussed. Heasks Arjuna: “What has happened to you? What is the matter? A little while ago youwere full of spirit, full of mettle, and now, in one moment, you have come to this abjectcondition. From where has this type of mood come? It is not supposed to be in you. You area warrior, a young person, a hero. You are courageous, renowned for your prowess andvalour. And now this! What has happened to you? This sudden yielding to a negative qualityof fear, of anxiety, of cowardice, of wanting to run away from your duty, is unbecoming ofyou.”

The Reason For Lord Krishna’s Rebuke

Why does Krishna, the great World Teacher and very close friend of Arjuna, take such aseemingly unsympathetic attitude towards His very dear friend? They have been closecompanions, living together, eating together, and joking together with great familiarity,and yet Krishna rebukes him sharply. He does not seem to be at all inclined to besympathetic with him. He does not make any attempt to understand him. Instead, He says:”What is this? Are you not ashamed? Get up!” These are not words of sympathyfrom a friend. Why is He so very sharp, a little intolerant even, impatient, with Arjuna?He has full reason to be.

The reason is not far to seek. It is more or less the same way as a Guru is sometimesvery sharp, very unsympathetic and impatiently angry with a disciple. He will never actthis way with a new disciple, with one who has been recently admitted into his fold, whohas not had the opportunity to be in close contact with him and to imbibe, over a longperiod of time, his upadesa and adesa (teachings and instructions). But, hewill act this way with a disciple who has been living with him for years and years and whohas had the opportunity over a long period of time to be in constant contact with him, tohave heard his upadesa a hundred times and yet in spite of this behaves in adifferent manner.

So, in effect, Lord Krishna says: “Have all my efforts on you been wasted? Is thatwhat you are trying to demonstrate now, that your association with Me, your discipleship,and all that I have tried to teach you is so much waste, useless? Has it been of no value,that you demonstrate this foolish behaviour at this point in your career?” For,through thick and thin, rain and shine, ups and downs, good fortune and misfortune, Arjunahad long been in contact with Lord Krishna. And this contact had not only brought forthLord Krishna’s wisdom teachings to Arjuna but also to Kunti, Draupadi and all the Pandavabrothers.

For a discerning and wise person, something said once should be enough. Perhaps due toa weakness of memory he may forget the first time, but if it is said twice, then thatshould be enough. It is only impossible people who will never imbibe it, no matter howmany times you give them good advice. But the Pandavas were not like that. They were sattvicpeople. They valued the company of Lord Krishna. They valued His teachings. But inspite of that, at this juncture, when all the satsang and sravana thatArjuna had done should have come to his aid and helped him, he was acting like this!

Life after life, the jiva comes into this earth plane to progress in knowledge,expand in wisdom, to learn, to educate itself. Each life span is an opportunity given byGod for it to learn, sometimes the easy way, sometimes the hard way, but always to learn.Gurudev used to say that this world is a great university for evolution into divineperfection. Life is the great teacher. All the experiences one encounters in life are aneducative process. They come with lessons, valuable lessons. Nothing is empty of valuablecontent.

Therefore, God Himself will become impatient when He has constantly tried to teach the jivain so many ways, life after life, and still the jiva manifests obduracy and anasinine obstinacy by refusing to imbibe that which is placed before it. Then God says:”No, this is not good enough. Therefore, through knocks and blows I will make this jivawake up, learn, become wise and strive for its own highest good, supremewelfare.”

But Arjuna was a Pandava, not a Kaurava. He was an uttama adhikari (bestqualified aspirant). Yet, in this situation, when the situation calls for action, it isArjuna who says: “I would much rather take up a begging bowl, turn into a mendicantand live by begging, than rule over a kingdom obtained after so much bloodshed and thekilling of my relatives.” As though he had not known all along that the opposingKaurava forces were his relatives! This is what happens when sentiment takes over the areathat is the proper territory of the viveka and vichara of the buddhi.

The place where the Gita advice is being given to Arjuna is a field of action. It isKurukshetra. In Sanskrit, kuru means do, act. And instead of acting, Arjuna says:”I won’t act. I won’t fight. I will go away.” He wants to run away from action.And when Krishna the great World Teacher, the Divine Teacher, tries to tell him, “Nowyou must engage in action, you must do your duty, you must fight,” Arjuna, refusingto understand, finds fault with Krishna’s advice and says: “No, no, no! It is wrongaction. I don’t agree.”

The Teachings Begin

Then Krishna tells him: “This idea of yours is because of your lack of knowledge;it is because of your ignorance. You are adducing arguments like a lawyer in a court oflaw. You are trying to argue with Me, but yet your mind is full of confusion andignorance. That is why you are refusing to act. You think that you are going to killsomeone. Who can kill whom? Do you know? These beings whom you, with your sthuladrishti, gross outer vision, characterised by unknowing and ignorance, think to beperishable beings whom you will destroy, do you know what they really are? They areimmortal, imperishable, eternal. Weapons cannot injure them, fire cannot burn them, watercannot wet them, wind cannot dry them. They are unborn, eternal, beyond time. Who are youto say that you are going to kill something which is imperishable and immortal? One whosays that he is killing someone or one who thinks that he is being killed, both of themare in ignorance. The Reality never ceases to be. And the unreal is never really there; itis only an appearance; it never exists. To think that you are sending something unreal outof existence is ignorance. So, first of all, clear your brain of avidya, this ajnana.Have clear perception, know properly, understand properly. Then let us see whether youtalk about killing, destroying, and all that.”

Therefore, Lord Krishna, first and foremost, brings Arjuna to an awareness of hisignorance. He says: “O Arjuna, listen, this tendency of yours to run away from actionis not the answer to your dilemma and your problem. You must open your eyes, have an innerunderstanding and see clearly. It is not a question of action and inaction. The wise thingis to know that there is a third way, which is the right and proper way, and that alone isthe solution and answer to your present situation. And that way is wisdom-filled action.

“For it is ignorance that is making you feel this terrible way, and it isignorance that is making you shy away from action. Let Me tell you one thing. Whether youwant to or not, act you must. The very nature of this life on earth, the very nature ofthe human individual, is such that the drive to activity is inherent in that nature. And,whether you want it or not, you are part and parcel of this Cosmic Nature that has broughtmanifestation into being. The Cosmic Nature contains within Herself this inaccessibleimpulsion to action. Understand this clearly. Forcibly you will be made to engage inaction.

“It is better, therefore, to prefer to act in a wisdom-filled manner and thusliberate yourself from the consequences of action, than to either engage in foolish actionor foolishly try to give up all action. The choice is not just between the total giving upof action or acting with ignorance. There is a wise alternative choice, which is to actwith knowledge and understanding. Such action cannot bind the individual. Such action goesbeyond the operation of the law of action and the inevitable experience of the fruits ofaction. It is almost like engaging in action, yet being actionless. This is the greatsecret of action.

“Therefore, do not think that turning away from action and trying to merely becomea mendicant, trying to go into a life of spiritual quest, a life of meditation andcontemplation, is the only alternative, the only way out. Rather, here and now you have toelevate action to a higher dimension by bringing into it a clear knowledge of therealities of the human situation in this universe.”

Knowledge And Action

The path of knowledge is an absolutely indispensable must. It is the absence ofknowledge that is the root cause of all sorrow. It is the failure to perceive theimperishable nature of the human spirit that is the cause of all attachment, grief anddelusion. Without knowledge you will make a total mess of your whole life and reduceyourself to a miserable predicament.

But then, the acquiring of this right knowledge is not incompatible with engaging inright activity. They are not mutually opposed to each other; they are not mutuallyexclusive of each other. On the contrary, in truth, they have to go hand in hand.Knowledge has to support and supplement action and all activity should be full ofknowledge.

Knowledge-filled activity and action-oriented knowledge is the message and the sadhanaof the second chapter of the Srimad Bhagavad Gita. If in ignorance you engage inaction, you are finished. You are heading for trouble, inviting trouble. And havingtheoretical knowledge, if you neglect right action, you will put a stop to your evolution.Action is God’s plan for man for moving towards perfection. Action constitutes the innerdynamics of human evolution, collective as well as individual.

There is a trite but very wise saying: “To rest is to rust.” Action is likehoning something to keep it sharp, incisive. Knowledge blooms forth into experience onlywhen it is transferred into action, when it is practised. Knowledge is meant to bepractised. And, therefore, if you are not to get caught in the circle of action andreaction, then action is as necessary for knowledge as knowledge is necessary for rightaction. Being in the midst of activity, if you do not want to be bound by activity,knowledge is the only way. It is the key.

Therefore, Sankhya Yoga and Karma Yoga are not opposed to each other. They are mutuallysupportive; they are not incompatible. On the contrary, they are two facets of the oneprocess of the progressive evolution of the human soul towards the fullest unfoldment ofknowledge through knowledge-infilled activity. The Yogi who thus synthesises withinhimself both Sankhya Yoga and Karma Yoga is the real daksha (expert). He is the onewho will succeed.

For, such a Yogi, by elevating normal secular activity into a higher dimension of theSpirit and transforming it into sublime spiritual activity, thus synthesising karma andjnana, has learned the art and science of making life itself a process ofliberation. Just as the subdual of all mental vrittis while practising a techniqueis termed Yoga, the same Yoga becomes defined as yogah karmasu kausalam (Yoga isskill in action) when one is in the field of active day-to-day living. You act with theawareness that the three gunas are doing their dharma; whereas I, the trigunatitaatma tattva (Self beyond the three gunas), am really nishkriya (actionless).”I am the silent, detached, unaffected witness of all activity. How can action bindme! But I am not a passive witness. I shine my wisdom upon all the limbs, all thoughts,and thus illumined with wisdom, they engage in action.”

Action Cannot Be Avoided

This second stage in the unfoldment of the Gita upadesa brings to us anothergreat home truth: “Look here, O jivatma, no matter what you do, you cannotavoid action, because you are part of prakriti and prakriti has an excessiveshare of rajo guna. She will drive you to activity. You cannot escape it. Even ifyou think, ‘I am not doing any action,’ even if you seemingly sit quietly, thousands ofprocesses are constantly going on within your own anatomy and physiology. Cells are dyingand being eliminated and new cells are being formed. Blood is coursing through yourarteries and veins. Your heart is pumping this blood and your lungs are ever supplyingfresh oxygen to purify it. Every internal mechanism is actively engaged in doing itsfunction-your liver, spleen, kidneys, bladder, stomach, all your organs. Without actionyou will not even be able to keep alive.

“When you think you are not acting, you are breathing. Breathing is also action.When you think you are not acting, the mind is busy thinking a hundred things, rememberinga hundred things, planning and scheming a hundred things, imagining a hundred things. Howcan you say that you are not acting? You are acting in so many ways. You deny activityonly when it comes to action that you have to engage in as part of your kartavya karma (duty).This is either foolishness or hypocrisy. Therefore, realise this fact well: As long as youare in this universe of prakriti, you cannot avoid action. It is better, therefore,to act wisely than to act foolishly.”

There is in prakriti iccha sakti, kriya sakti and jnana sakti. If jnanais kept out and only iccha (desire) is the impelling force behind your kriya(action), then you get into trouble, you make all manner of mistakes and actfoolishly. It is only alter you bring in jnana and purify your iccha thatyour kriya becomes a liberating force.

Action, purushartha, is never undesirable. The whole of the voluminous adviceand admonition given by the great Brahmarishi Vasishtha to Maryada Purushottama BhagavanSri Ramachandra in the great treatise Yoga Vasishtha ultimately declares the supremacy of purushartha,right action, engaged in with knowledge which gives it a proper direction.

“Therefore, O Arjuna, engage in action, but not with folly. Engage in action withwisdom-unattached, recognising all things, yet not becoming involved in delusion withthem.” Thus is the message of the Srimad Bhagavad Gita for each and every individualsoul engaged in working out its karma and moving towards the great goal ofGod-realisation upon this earth plane.

Act you must, willy-nilly. But, if you do not invoke wisdom and act wisely, you willget caught. Therefore, unfold the wisdom within and, infilled with this wisdom, engage inactivity. Let wisdom purify your desires, make them all dharmic. Purified desiresare not obstacles on the way to God-realisation. Let all your desires be dharmic, spiritual,divine, God-oriented desires. Thus purifying your antahkarana (inner being) bywisdom, with the fire of wisdom, engage in wisdom-filled activity. Perform all activitieswith wisdom, with expertise and rise above the binding force of action, being detachedwithin, anasakta.

In this way, Arjuna is gradually made to realise that behind his apparent words ofrationality and logic, there was really the weakness of silly sentiment, not any greatknowledge much less wisdom. He is made to come to his senses and recognise his inadequacy.Consequently, he begins to ask questions which are more rational and sane, moreappropriate and suitable. And then Krishna takes a real interest in leading him on to anincreasingly higher awareness of knowledge. Until that, Krishna brushes aside all hisqueries. Krishna tells him: “You are ignorant, yet speaking seemingly high words ofwisdom.”

After that correction, Arjuna comes to his senses, realises that his feelings havecarried him away and that his thinking was neither logical nor rational. He then requestsKrishna: “Please teach me. I have been deluded. I have been overcome by karpanyadosha (weakness of heart). My chitta has become completely dharmasammudha (confusedabout dharma). Now, please teach me.”

Thus, in the first chapter, the situation prepared the ground for the Gita jnana-upadesa.In the second chapter, Arjuna himself prepares the ground. He makes himself receptive.He now wants to listen.

Thus the way is prepared for further wisdom teaching by Lord Krishna.

Arjuna’s Affliction

In this world, people are troubled by various kinds of afflictions. Some afflictionsare inflicted upon us by other forms of life-infective bacteria, disease-carrying insects,bedbugs and so forth. Even so-called innocent and beautiful flowers can produce pollenwhich may cause acute asthma or hay fever in some people. Dysentery, cholera, amoebiosisand so many other diseases are inflicted upon us by other forms of life.

Then there are other afflictions over which we have absolutely no control, such asearthquakes, tornadoes, tidal waves and volcanic eruptions. There can be too much raincausing floods, or too little rain resulting in droughts and starvation. Thousands can diein a severe heat wave. These are natural forces which afflict mankind and have beenafflicting him since the dawn of creation.

But, terrible as these afflictions are that come to us from the operation of naturalforces and from other forms of life, there is a third form of affliction which is an evengreater menace, a greater problem. Atmajanita tapa (self-created sorrow),afflictions which are not inflicted upon us by anything exterior, but afflictions arisingfrom our own psyche can make us suffer acutely and intensely. Our jealousy, envy,intolerance, anger, passions, infatuated attachments and delusiona, fears, anxieties,hatred and ill-will can all consume us and throw the mind into a state of terribleagitation and deprive it of peace. Thoughts of revenge, frustration, dejection,depression, melancholia and disappointment do not come to us from outside.

Outside factors may have a ten percent part to play by stimulating or triggering offcertain of these states, but the truth is that they abide within. If they are not therewithin, then no outside factor will be capable of stimulating them. You must grasp thispoint. If the negative emotions, sentiments, moods, attitudes or states of mind are notwithin, then any number of outer factors may be there, but they will leave the personunaffected.

Therefore, this third type of affliction, adhyatma tapa, comes from one’s ownself, one’s own psyche, one’s own mind. We create pleasure and pain, happiness and miseryby allowing our interior to be thrown out of serenity, balance and stability. We createthe affliction for ourselves by throwing a certain reaction from our interior towardssomething exterior. If we refuse to react, the exterior factor has no power over us.

So, this third type of affliction or tapa can afflict you at any time, in anyplace. If an earthquake or tornado occurs and you are not nearby, then you are notaffected. You only read about it in the newspaper or see it on TV. But you carry thesource of the third type of affliction with you always. You are one with it; it is onewith you twenty-four hours of the day and night. You have to deal with it. And there is noescape unless you know the art and science of changing yourself, becoming immune to outerfactors, rising above them, transcending them and letting them be. Otherwise, this issomething that is inbuilt and part and parcel of your personality. It is always present toharass you unless you come to terms with it, change it, educate it, alter it, conquer it,subdue it. Do anything, but it is necessary to deal with it in such a manner that it is nolonger able to produce these types of afflictions within you.

So, Arjuna was suffering intensely in an acute state of this third type of affliction, adhyatmatapa. In the beginning he was overconfident: “I will show them, I will teach thema lesson. O Krishna, take me to the middle of the battlefield and stop the chariot inbetween the two forces.” Little did he know that by doing this he was going toexperience exactly the same situation inside-in between two forces. On the one side he hada sense of duty to the Pandavas and their forces and on the other, a sense of compassionand of attachment to the Kauravas and the forces assembled together on their side. He wastorn with conflict, with conflicting emotions and ideas. He made himself miserable. Hebecame a total wreck for the time being, suffering both a physical as well as mental andnervous breakdown.

Arjuna’s Delusion

This was because he took all these mental conditions, these strong emotions andsentiments to be real, to have some reality, sat. And he thought himself to be theexperiencer of all these terrible ups and downs that were taking place inside the antahkarana.He identified himself with them. He thought: “This is happening to me,”because at that time he was in a state of ignorance of his own true nature. He had no jnanaof his svarupa which is nitya and nirupadhika (eternal andwithout attributes), which has no body, no mind, no intellect, no ahamkara (ego),no memory, no senses. It is beyond the body, the senses, the pranas and thefour-fold interior instrument consisting of the mind, intellect, ego and memory.

Arjuna did not know it. Therefore, he thought that these passing phenomena were real,whereas in fact they had no reality. They were the product of maya; they weresimply illusory things. Reality was his Self. But his entire interior was clouded, so hetook the passing, the evanescent, the unreal, to be the real. All these silly sentimentsand moods became for him a tangible reality. And his own reality, which is always aboveand beyond, the paramatma tattva, the nityasuddha, nityamukta, the eternallypure, eternally free, of the very nature of ananda, was to him a myth. He had noawareness of Reality. He took the unreal to be the real and allowed it to affect him insuch a terrible way-weeping and wailing, profuse tears flowing out of his eyes, throatchoked with emotion.

In an instant, the great World Teacher, Lord Krishna, recognised the situation, thesource of his delusion. He thought within Himself: “I must give him the rightknowledge. I must make him aware of what he is. I must bring about an eradication of thisstate of ignorance, of this ajnana and avidya.” And so the firstsentence He speaks is: “You need to get rid of this ignorance. You are speakingwisely, but you are in a state of ignorance. You are speaking apparently very wise words,but you are doing something very foolish. You are grieving for that which should not begrieved for.”

Therefore, right at the very commencement, Lord Krishna diagnoses Arjuna’s state asbeing due to ignorance, to a lack of vidya, a lack of jnana, a lack of aproper perspective of what is real and what is unreal, what is sat and what is asat.Arjuna is taking the unreal for the real and allowing himself to be terribly affectedby it. He has forgotten his own reality. If only he had a glimpse of it, he would neversuccumb to such a mood, such an abject state.

Therefore, Krishna begins by telling Arjuna what he really is. He starts by tellinghim: “Your delusion is because you are thinking that these beings in front of you areperishable, that they can be killed, they can die, that you will destroy them and create anartha,great chaos. Let Me tell you, never were these beings ever not. Neither you, nor I,nor these beings were ever non-existent at any period of time. We have always been. Andnever shall we be non-existent at any time in the future.

“We shall always continue to be, because we are eternal; we are beginningless andendless, eternal and imperishable. That is what we are, you and Me and all these beings.So give up this deluded notion that anyone is being killed or that anyone is killing. Whocan kill whom? It is ignorance. Those who do not know the reality of things, the truthabout being, existence, they alone think someone is killing and someone is being killed.

“All these beings are eternal sparks of Divinity. Bodies come and go. Just as aperson casting aside worn-out garments takes on new ones, even so the dweller within thebody casts aside a worn-out body and takes on a new one. What reason is there to grieve?It is a transition. We close our eyes in death for a little while and then wake up into anew life. So why upset yourself in this manner?”

Thus, in ever so many ways, He brings home to Arjuna the central truth of Vedanta-theimmortality of the inner Spirit, the imperishable nature of the atma tattva. It is avinasi(indestructible). Nothing can happen to It. It can never be put out of existence.

Arjuna asks many questions. All the questions are answered and his doubts are cleared.Again and again the necessity of being firmly established in this knowledge, if one reallywants to succeed in life, is brought home. Otherwise one will be at the mercy of everylittle passing experience that afflicts one. Experiences descend like waves batteringsomeone who is trying to swim across a storm-tossed ocean. This is inevitable. This is theworld of dvandvas (the pairs of opposites) and ever-varying experiences. The pairsof opposites are always there. If there is day, there is night also. If there is joy,there is also sorrow. If there is pleasure, there is also pain. If there is success, thereis also failure. It is inevitable. Face them boldly. They cannot touch you or afflict you.You are the ever-stable, never-changing atma tattva.

One who has thus realised, who has become established in this inner state, him nothingcan touch. Not all the afflictions in the world can touch that being. Be in that state,ever serene, ever untouched, ever calm, ever stable!

Only such a being, who has become firmly established in the truth of his eternal,imperishable nature, only such a being is a truly successful person in life. He hasalready attained victory over life. Life cannot devastate that person. Life cannot shakeup, agitate, confuse or delude him. Life can come and go; he will remain ever stable, likea rock, knowing that all things are passing except the Self within.

Everything here is perishable, evanescent, transitory, subject to decay anddissolution. The being who has seen this realises the pettiness of all desire, theuselessness of all things, the foolishness of running after pieces of glass when apriceless diamond is his birthright. Those who do not realise this take the unreal for thereal. And mystics have very strong words to say about them: “A great wonder it is inthis world of men, that discarding the life-giving nectar of immortality, the veryambrosia, they are running after poison which brings about death. They throw away apriceless jewel for the sake of a piece of glass. Wonder of wonders!”

When this folly of running after these petty, perishable things dawns upon a person ofdeep reflection, then that person clearly sees that his foolishness is no good. He feels:”This does not become me who am an amsa (part) of Isvara, Who is the very formof absolute knowledge, wisdom consciousness, jnana svarupa isvara.”

When we are the essence of, part and parcel of that Knowledge-Bliss Absolute, how darewe manifest ignorance in our life? How shameful, how ignoble, how pitiable it is! Whatevermistakes and follies that we might have, in ignorance, committed are past and gone. Weshould once and for all forget them. We should now firmly resolve not to commit them inthe future. We should endeavour to be always alert, awake and vigilant at every step, atevery moment, at all times and in all circumstances. We should endeavour to keep ourselvesarmed with discrimination and sublime thoughts.

Established In The Inner Wisdom

After Lord Krishna describes to Arjuna how a person who has become established in theknowledge of himself is able to maintain an absolutely undisturbed state of serenityamidst the ups and downs of life, Arjuna asks: “How does this person behave? How doeshe speak? How does he deal with others? What is his nature? How does this model person,who can be kept as an adarsa (ideal) for me, go through life?”

It is here that the Lord has given to us a precious gem, just like the one in thelatter part of the twelfth chapter of the Srimad Bhagavad Gita. In the concluding eightverses of the twelfth chapter, the subtle secret of the Lord’s own concept of what realdevotion is, who a true devotee is, is revealed to us. Even so, in the latter part of thesecond chapter, there is this classical description of the person who is firmly and everestablished in the inner wisdom. That avastha (state) of being established in innerwisdom makes one look at the petty, puerile nature of outer things and to feel that it isnot worthwhile to allow these petty outer things to upset one or to allow oneself to runafter them.

It was these concluding verses of the second chapter of the Gita, the sthitaprajnalakshana slokas, that the Father of the Nation, Mahatma Gandhi, a living sage of hisown era, reverently listened to throughout his life, without missing one single day. Twicea day, at his prayer meetings, these verses describing the nature of one who is firmlyestablished in wisdom were recited and Mahatma Gandhi would sit, all attention, insilence, serene, like a Buddha, absorbing the meaning of each word. That is how hisinterior was built up and became what it was. That serenity was never lost. He was everestablished in a higher state of divine consciousness, spiritual consciousness.

The Central Declaration Of Vedanta

The central declaration, the central experience of Vedanta is the immortality of theSelf in the individual. It is the divinity of the innermost Spirit indwelling the materialbody, the physical body-ajo nityah sasvato’yam purano na hanyate hanyamane sarire (Unborn,eternal, changeless and ancient, the Self is not killed when the body is killed). This isthe culminating declaration about the immortal, imperishable nature of the Spirit within,the third dimension of man, the other two being the physical and the psychological. Thespiritual dimension, the real dimension, is something that is immortal, imperishable,eternal and divine. To be established in this truth of our real nature is to grow instrength day after day, is to grow in fearlessness day after day, is to grow in a state ofunperturbable stability day after day.

And it is only when you are established in this interior state of stability that youcan truly act in an effective manner in this outer world. In all changing circumstances,trying to act in a way that the situation requires at that particular point in time, be daksha(proficient, apt). Always be in a state of full knowledge, full awareness, that thereis something else that is acting, a mechanism is acting. Be established in the knowledge:”The forces that operate the mechanism are the three-fold gunas, which are apart of prakriti to which this mechanism belongs; whereas, within that I am theunaffected witnessing consciousness. I am the witness. I apparently do, but in the midstof my apparent doing, I am really the actionless witness beyond time and space. Indriyasact amidst their objects. The three gunas are doing many things. But seated intheir midst, I am the silent, unaffected, detached witnessing consciousness.” This isthe secret of true karma yoga. It is the secret of apparently being active as thesituation demands and yet at the same time being fully aware of what you are, never losingthe awareness of your true transcendental nature, which is beyond the body, senses, prana,mind and intellect.

Living The Gita Vision

This is the call of the Srimad Bhagavad Gita to every sadhaka as he is movingtowards his goal of God-realisation. Unless we learn the manner of living in this worldupon the Gita-spirit, Gita-ideal, we will lose our way. We will get caught and entangled.Always assert: “Nothing can entangle me. Never can I become entangled in anything,because I am the immortal, ever-free Soul, always one, secondless.” It is thisinterior awareness that makes one go through life amidst the many and yet rooted in theOne.

This Gita-awareness within and the Gita-vision of this changing world, the need to bein the midst of the field of action but yet maintain and retain one’s awareness of being aserene witness, is absolutely essential to all sadhakas who, being in the world andof the world, have to move towards the great Goal. It is all the more essential in thesechanging times when human society has changed so vastly. Conditions are not alwaysconducive, helpful and favourable to this interior journey of the soul towards its eternalSource. There is a lot of distraction and a lot of disturbance. In the midst of all that,serenity is to be maintained.

It is only the vision and the spirit of the Gita upadesa of the second and thirdchapters that will enable us to be in the midst of activity and yet be serenely poised inthe Self that is actionless and changeless. That alone abides; all else passes on.

“I shall be rooted in the Eternal and function in the non-eternal. I shall abidein the Divine-God in me and I in God.” Thus may you reflect and contemplate upon theGita ideal of life in this world and the Gita ideal of action in the midst of thisever-changing phenomenal situation. May you reflect deeply upon this and create anawakened interior within, so that the world is not able to affect your sadhana, sothat your sadhana goes on unhampered in spite of the distractions outside, becauseyou ever abide in the Self.

May the Lord, Jagad-Guru, Gita-Acharya, Bhagavan Lord Krishna, the World Teacher,shower His divine grace upon you and may His grace manifest within you as this awakenedspiritual awareness and as the ability to act with expertise, so that in the midst ofaction you still maintain an abidance in the ever-actionless Reality within, so that youare able to be actionless in the midst of action.

May God’s grace manifest within you as the heightened awareness and elevated, upliftedconsciousness of the Reality. May you abide in that, and may you move through this journeyof life as an anasakta karmi, a detached actor. Always think: “Action is goingon. I am not attached to it. I am aware that I am not the actor.” May His gracemanifest within you as this inner perception and the inner awareness, the innerconsciousness, which is the key to successful karma yoga together with your bhakti,jnana and dhyana.

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